·         Hematological lab.: Hematological methods (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, Red cell indices, total and differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, red cell indices, total and differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, , Element count (RBCs count),

·         Bleeding and Coagulation time, Red cell indices, differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, Red cell indices, differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, red cell indices, differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, red cell indices, differential leukocyte count)

·         (Hemoglobin, PCV, ABO system, ESR, , Element count (RBCs count), Bleeding and Coagulation time, Red cell indices, differential leukocyte count)

·         Electrocardiography

·         Arterial blood pressure in man

·         Examination of sensory system

·         Study of reflexes in man: To demonstrate the function of olfactory nerve. To examine the different types of taste. To demonstrate the visual acuity. To demonstrate the reflex activity

·         Measure of basal mass index (BMI)

·         Study of family planning devices and pregnancy diagnosis test.

Content BreakdownWeek

Topical Coverage

Session 1 (Week 1)

I. General pharmacology:

Introduction & definitions

Dose and factors modifying dose

Routes of administration

Session 2 (Week 2)

Pharmacokinetics:

·         General principles and relevant terms.

·         Absorption of drugs, bioavailability, passage of drugs across cell membrane

·         Drug distribution in body

Session 3 (Week 3)

Pharmacokinetics:

·         Drug biotransformation, Enzyme induction & inhibition

·         Elimination of drugs

Session 4 (Week 4)

Pharmacodynamics:

·         Types and mechanisms ofdrugaction (including receptors, ion channels, enzymes and signaling mechanisms)

·         Drug interactions (including potentiation, antagonism & mechanisms).

·         Pharmacogenetics.

·         Adverse drug reactions-side effects, toxicity drug allergy, tachyphylaxis tolerance and addiction

Session 5 (Week 5)

Autonomic Nervous System (A.N.S)

Introduction: Anatomical & physiological considerations

Session 6 (Week 6)

Parasympathomimetics:

·         Directly acting on receptors, Anticholinesterases (Reversible &Irreversible),

·         Organophosphate poisoning and treatment – cholinesterase reactivators

Session 7 (Week 7)

Parasympathetic blocking drugs (Muscarinic receptor blockers)

Session 8 (Week 8)

Neuromuscular blocking agents (Nm blockers and persistent depolarizers)

Session 9 (Week 9)

Sympathomimetics (Direct and Indirectly acting)

Session 10 (Week 10)

Sympathetic blocking drugs:

·         Adrenoceptor blockers

Session 11 (Week 11)

Midterm Assessment

Session 12 (Week 12)

Session 13 (Week 13)

Session 14 (Week 14)

Session 15 (Week 15)

Sympathetic blocking drugs:

·         Adrenergic neuron b block centrally acting drugs, Reserpine

Autonomic ganglion stimulants and blockers

Session 16 (Week 16)

Autacoids:

Histamine and antagonists- Origin, synthesis, metabolism, physiological and pathological considerations, release and depletors;

·         Receptors of histamine; Antihistaminics H1 receptor blockers, H2 receptor blockers.

Session 17 (Week 17)

Hydroxytryptamine and antagonists

·         5HT and its receptors in CNS and periphery; receptor blockers and their pharmacology

Session 18 (Week 18)

Angiotensin

·         synthesis, actions, renin-angiotensin system

·         Blockers of renin-angiotensin system

Bradykinin, kallekrein system.

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins, Thromboxane A2, Prostacyclin, Leukotrienes- their synthesis and physiopathological considerations.

·         Pharmacology of eicosanoids and relation with therapeutics.

·         Overview of synthesis and receptor block.

Session 19 (Week 19)

CVS

Drugs used in treatment of hypertension including

·         hypertensive emergencies

Session 20 (Week 20)

Angina pectoris –Pathophysiology

•         Drugs in treatment and prevention

Session 21 (Week 21)

Drugs in congestive heart failure:

·         Pathophysiology of congestive heart failure

·         Cardiotonics, vasodilators and other drugs in CHF

Session 22(Week 22)

Antiarrhythmic drugs:

·         Electrophysiology of cardiac rhythm

·         Mechanism and types of cardiac arrhythmic

·         classifications and pharmacology of anti-arrhythmic

Session 23 (Week 23)

Drugs in hyperlipoproteinemias

·         Overview of cholesterol and triglycerides and lipoproteins metabolism

·         Types and pharmacology of hypolipidemic drugs

Session 24 (Week 24)

Haematopoietic system:

Drugs in anemia:

·         Iron: Absorption, preparations and use, Acute and chronic toxicity and treatment

·         Folic acid: physiology, metabolism. Relation vitamin B12, use

·         Vitamin B12: Absorption, deficiency, uses. Inter relationship with folic acid metabolism

·         Erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors

Session 25 (Week 25)

Drugs and blood coagulation:

·         Cascade of blood coagulation

·         Anticoagulants: Heparin & oral anticoagulants, their mechanism of indications ,Contraindications, toxicity and antagonists

Session 26 (Week 26)

Fibrinolytic and antithrombotic &antagonist

Coagulants and hemostatic in bleeding disease.

Session 27 (Week 27)

Urinary system

·         Physiology of urine formation and possible sites of diuretic actions

·         Control of acid-base balance

·         Diuretics and antidiuretics

Session 28 (Week 28)

Respiratory system

·         Drugs in bronchial asthma treatment

·         Drug treatment of cough – central peripheralAntitussives and expectorants.

·         Oxygen therapy.

Practical Work

Introduction:

·         general terminology

·         Animals used in experimental pharmacology.

·         Handling of laboratory animals and techniques of drug administration

Effect of route of administration of drug on the pharmacological response

Isolated rabbit intestine:

·         Effects of spasmogens.

·         Dose-Response curve in absence and presence of antagonists.

·         Identification of unknown drug solution.

Effect of drugs on rabbit eye.

Blood pressure.

·         Effect of drugs on rabbit heart.

Content BreakdownWeek

Topical Coverage

Session 1 (Week 1)

CNS

Introduction: Anatomical & physiological

•         Considerations; central neurotransmitters and their receptors.

Sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics.

Session 2 (Week 2)

Alcohols: Ethyl alcohol and pharmacology:

•         Acute poisoning and treatment

General anesthetics including pre-anesthetic medication

Local anesthetics:

Session 3 (Week 3)

Antiepileptic drugs: principles of treatment of epilepsy: Experimental methods

Session 4 (Week 4)

Drugs in Parkinson’s disease and ether neurodegenerative diseases

Central muscle relaxants

Session 5 (Week 5)

Antipsychotics – typical and atypical & Anti-depressants and anti-mania drugs

Session 6 (Week 6)

Opioidanalgesics:

•         Pathophysiology of Endogenous opioids & system

•         Opioidanalgesics:

•         Drugs of abuse and treatment: hallucinogen

Session 7 (Week 7)

Non-opioid analgesics&ant gout types

Session 8 (Week 8)

GIT

Drugs used in peptic ulcer

drugs treatment of constipation (laxative and purgatives).

Session 9 (Week 9)

Antidiarrheal drugs

Emetics and anti-emetics

Session 10 (Week 10)

Endocrine pharmacology

•         Overview of hormones of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary; directly acting andcontrolling hormones; pharmacology of growth and prolactin.

•         Hormones of posterior: Oxytocin and A.D.H

Session 11 (Week 11)

Midterm Assessment

Session 12 (Week 12)

Session 13 (Week 13)

Session 14 (Week 14)

Session 15 (Week 15)

Gonadotropic hormones: Control of male and female

sex hormones; Oestrogens, progestins; Oral contraceptives females

Session 16 (Week 16)

Endocrine pharmacology

Androgens and an abolic steroids: male contraceptives

Iodine metabolism: TSH; The regulation of thyroid hormones; Thyroid hormones, antithyroide and their pharmacology

Session 17 (Week 17)

Endocrine pharmacology

ACTH and regulation of corticosteroids secretion; Hormones of adrenal cortex and synthetic substitutes and their pharmacology

Session 18 (Week 18)

Endocrine pharmacology

Calcium metabolism: pharmacology of calcitriol, parathormone and calcitonin

Session 19 (Week 19)

Glucose metabolism; pancreatic hormones; Diabetes mellitus and anti- diabetic drugs (Insulin and oral drugs) (2 lectures)

Session 20 (Week 20)

Chemotherapy

General chemotherapy:

•         principles of antimicrobial drug action, Microbes and drugs of choice,

•         Resistance to antimicrobial drugs

•         Antifungal agents

•         Antiviral drugs

Session 21 (Week 21)

·       Antibacterial drugs (Chemotherapeutic agents & Antibiotics )

Session 22 (Week 22)

·         Antibacterial drugs (Chemotherapeutic agents & Antibiotics)

Session 23 (Week 23)

Specific chemotherapy

·         Chemotherapy of tuberculosis and leprosy

Session 24 (Week 24)

·       Drugs in helminth infestation

Session 25 (Week 25)

·         Drugs in protozoal Infestation

Session 26 (Week 26)

·         Chemotherapy of malignancy

Session 27 (Week 27)

Immunosuppressants

Session 27 (Week 28)

Vitamins

Practical Part:

•         Prescription writing.

•         Screening of analgesic effect using (Writhing test).

•         Screening of analgesic effect analgesics using (Hot plate analgesiometer)

•         Sedative and hypnotics experiments.

•         Experimental Parkinsonism.

•         Induction of convulsants and evaluation of anticonvulsants effect. Local anesthetics (on Rabbit eye)

•         Frog rectus abdominus muscle.

•         Collection of blood from laboratory animals.

Content BreakdownWeek

Topical Coverage

Session 1 (Week 1)

General toxicology

Introduction to toxicology, Definitions of terms, Basic principles of toxicology:

•         Areas of toxicology, Spectrum of the toxic dosage, Classification of toxic agents. Characteristic of exposure, Type of exposure, Toxic effects, Characteristic of Toxic Effect, Dose response curve, LD50, Mechanisms of selective toxicity.

•         Animal toxicity testing

•         Toxicokinetics , Toxicodynamics, Type of interactions

Session 2 (Week 2)

Mechanisms of cellular injury and Factors affecting Toxicity.

Session 3 (Week 3)

Genetic Toxicity

Introduction to genetics, The targets of DNA damages. Types of DNA Damages and damaging agents. Responses of the cell to DNA damage. DNA repair mechanisms.

Mutation and types of mutations (small and large genetic anomalies)

Session 4 (Week 4)

Examples of genetic defects and pattern of inheritance of genetic defects.

Mutation and cancer. mutagen testing system (genotoxicity tests).

Session 5 (Week 5)

Chemical Carcinogenesis; definition of terms, the major genetic properties of cancer (hallmarks of cancer), Classification of carcinogens, Types of chemical carcinogens (genotoxic and nongenotoxic carcinogens). Mechanism of Carcinogenesis (multistage process).

Session 6 (Week 6)

International regulations of the testing procedure required for the safety of chemicals and pharmaceuticals for human use.

Developmental toxicology; Teratogenesis

Session 7 (Week 7)

Mechanisms of Teratogenic effects. Patterns of dose exposure. Factors that modify the development toxicity of xenobiotics.

Session 8 (Week 8)

Systemic toxicology:

Toxic response of the blood: Hematopoiesis, Toxicology of the erythrocytes and toxicology of platelets and hemostasis.

Toxic response of the respiratory system: Structure of the respiratory tract, Pulmonary physiology, Classification of inhaled toxic materials, Factors influence regional deposition.

Defense mechanisms. Acute pulmonary injury and Chronic pulmonary injury.

Session 9 (Week 9)

Toxic response of the heart and vascular system: Cardiac electrophysiology, General mechanisms of cardiac toxicity, Cardio toxic agents.

Toxic response of the eye: External contact agents, Systematic drug affecting the cornea and some drugs that affect the lens and retina.

Session 10 (Week 10)

Toxic response of the Kidney: Site of action of nephrotoxicants and Nephrotoxicants.

Therapeutic agents

Toxic responses of the Liver: mechanism of liver injury and factors involved in liver injury.

Session 11 (Week 11)

Midterm Assessment

Session 12 (Week 12)

Session 13 (Week 13)

Session 14 (Week 14)

Session 15 (Week 15)

Toxic responses of the Nervous system; Patterns of neurotoxic injury. Compounds associated with different type of neurotoxic injury.

Toxic responses of the Skin; Skin histology, Percutaneous absorption.

Biotransformation.

Contact dermatitis, Chemical burns, Photo toxicology, Acne, Pigmentary

disturbance, and Skin cancer.

Session 16 (Week 16)

Toxic responses of the immune system.

•         The concept of immunomodulation.

•         Immunosuppression: halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, inhaled substances, mycotoxins, natural and synthetic hormones, therapeutic agent, electromagnatic fields and ultraviolet radiation.

•         Immune-mediated diseases.

Session 17 (Week 17)

Toxic agents.

Heavy metals,

Heavy Metals, Sources, Chemical forms, Site of action and Mechanism of toxicity. Absorption, Distribution, Elimination, and Excretion Types of heavy metal intoxication and Treatment of heavy metal toxicity

•         Arsenic: Mechanism of action, Clinical presentation, and Management

•         Lead: Mechanism of action, Mechanism of action, Clinical presentation, and Management

•         Mercury: Mechanism of action, Clinical presentation, and Management

Session 18 (Week 18)

Pesticides:

•         Insecticides: Classification of insecticides: (Organochlorinated, anticholinesterase, and pyrethroids Pesticides)

•         Herbicides.

•         Rodenticides

Session 19 (Week 19)

Environmental Toxicology.

•         Air pollution, Water, and soil pollution.

•         Food pollution.

Session 20 (Week 20)

Plant and animal toxin. Occupational toxicology

Risk assessment

Session 21 (Week 21)

Clinical Toxicology

Session 22(Week 22)

Clinical Toxicology continues.

Session 23 (Week 23)

Forensic Toxicology

Session 24 (Week 24)

Fist Aids:

•         Introduction; Definitions; purpose of first aid-fixing of priorities in first aid, how to confront an emergency.

•         Medical emergency cards and symbols. Physical injuries, signs and symptoms and first aid treatment [2] Abrasion, Wounds-classification, and Concussion.

Session 25 (Week 25)

Bleedings-types

•         Capillary, vinous, arterial) and differences, examples of manifest and concealed bleedings, methods of stopping bleedings- different pressure points included. Muscle disorders

Fractures

•         Definitions, types, causes, general methods of immobilization, transfer to hospital. Dislocations, important dislocations, and methods of correction (shoulder, mandible, finger)

Session 26 (Week 26)

Foreign bodies;

•         Sign and symptoms, methods of removal; foreign bodies in skin, eyes, nose, ear, stomach, respiratory tract- phases and methods to remove.

•         Water drowning; Types, prophylaxis and pathophysiology of fresh water and saline-water drowning, treatment (FA) and management.

Accidents with chemicals:

•         Chemical burns-acid and alkali burns, prevention and first aid management.

•         Acute poisoning-causes and management, methods of decreasing absorption, removal from body, antidotes.

•         Nerve gas- signs and symptoms and treatments.

Session 27 (Week 27)

Emergencies with temperature

•         Frost bite- signs and symptoms and treatment.

•         Sun stroke (head stroke), causes, susceptible persons, treatment.

•         Heat burns-types (steam, hot water, fire)

Animal bites

•         Signs and symptoms and first aid management and prophylaxis.

•         Bee bite, scorpion, snakes: classification of types and differentiation between poisonous and nonpoisonous snakes, poisonous spiders. Dogs bite-prophylaxis and treatment.

Session 28 (Week 28)

Complications and their treatment

•         Shock.

•         Acute respiratory arrest

•         Acute cardiac arrest.

•         Coma

•         Convulsions.

Practical work

•         Lethality studies and determination of LD50.

•         Toxic response of the blood.

•         Corrosives and irritants.

•         CNS stimulants.

•         Carbon monoxide and cyanide.

•         Picrotoxin and strychnine poisoning.

•         First Aid practical.

Content BreakdownWeek

Topical Coverage

Session 1 (Week 1)

Introduction

•         Definition; assay, bioassay, standardization, biostandardization, international units.

•         Objectives of bioassay, principles of bioassay.

•         Requirements.

•         Advantages and disadvantages of bioassay.

Session 2 (Week 2)

•         Biologicalvariationandhowtoreduceit.

•         Useofcontrolsandreference standard,Typeofcontrol.

•         Limitationinanimalexperiments.

•         How to perform bioassay.

Session 3 (Week 3)

Methods of bioassay

•         Direct methods; (Bioassay of Digitalis, Bioassay of D- tubocurarine)

•         Graded response methods: (Direct method techniques, Multiple point bioassay inckudes; 3-point as say, 4- point assay, 6-point assay)

•         Their advantages and disadvantages

Session 4 (Week 4)

Toxicity studies:

•         Acute toxicity test, Sub-acute toxicity tests, Sub-chronic toxicity tests and Chronic toxicity tests. Otherstudies; Clinical studies and clinical trials: objectives, Principle, Phases and Sequential trials.

•         Special Tests: Teratogenicity, Carcinogenicity.

Session 5 (Week 5)

Bioassay of Hormones

•         Anterior purity hormones:                  Growth hormones, Prolactin,  hormones

•         Gonadotropic

Session 6 (Week 6)

ACTH and TSH (thyrotrophin).

•         Posterior pituitary hormones: Oxytocin, Vasopressin.

Session 7 (Week 7)

•         Peripheral hormones; Insulin and methods to produce experimental diabetes, Glucogen, Corticosteroids, Calcitonin, Thyroxin,

Session 8 (Week 8)

•         Parathyroid hormones and Sex hormones and related drugs (Oestrogens. Progestrone, Androgens. And Anabolic Steroids).

Session 9 (Week 9)

•         Bioassay of Biological Products; Heparin, and Vitamins: A, D and C.

Session 10 (Week 10)

Bioassay (wherever applicable) and screening of drugs.

·         Introduction: Definitions and typed of screening objectives and principles.

·         Screening of drugs, type of screening.

Session 11 (Week 11)

Midterm Assessment

Session 12 (Week 12)

Session 13 (Week 13)

Session 14 (Week 14)

Session 15 (Week 15)

·         Simple screening

·         Blind screening: (Neuropharmacological observations, Cardiovascular system tests. 2- Cardiovascular system tests and 4-Tests on guinea pig ileum andvas deferens preparation.

·         Programmed screening.

Session 16 (Week 16)

Screening of important systemic drugs.

·         Autonomic drugs: (Cholinergic and anticholinergic. Adrenergic and ant adrenergic. Mixture of adrenalin and nor-adrenaline. Ganglion blocking agents)

Session 17 (Week 17)

·         Muscle relaxants

Session 18 (Week 18)

·         Cardiovascular system: Screening for antihypertensive drugs. Methods of producing experimental hypertension.

Session 19 (Week 19)

·         Screening for cardiotonic drugs: Experimental methods to produce heart. Failure. Screening for diuretic activity.

Session 20 (Week 20)

·         Screening for anti-arrhythmic activity. Experimental methods to produce arrhythmias in animals.

·         Screening for anti-anginal activity.

Session 21 (Week 21)

·         Drugs used for gastro-intestinal tract.

·         Screening for anti-peptic ulcer activity. Methods to produce experimental gastro-intestinal tract.

·         Screening for antidiarrheal activity and Screening for purgative action of a drug.

Session 22(Week 22)

Drugs used for central nervous system

Psychopharmacological drugs, including experimental methods.

·         Screening for anti-psychotic activity. Drugs for schizophrenia and Antidepressant drugs

·         Screening for anti-anxiety drugs;

Screening for hypnotic drugs, b-Screening for anticonvulsant activity-

·         Various

·         experimental methods.

Session 23 (Week 23)

Anti-parkinsonism drugs-experimental parkinsonism.

Screening for analgesic activity-experimental pain models.

Screening for anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activity-different models of experimental inflammation (acute and chronic).

Session 24 (Week 24)

Bioassay of histamine and other autocoids (Angiotensin, 5-HT, bradykinin, Prostaglandins)

Session 25 (Week 25)

Drugs in malignancy-methods to produce experimental tumors.

Session 26 (Week 26)

Miscellaneous topics.

·         Preliminary studies in toxicity evaluation

·         Study of antagonistic activity-types of antagonists-study of determination of competitive and non-competitive antagonism

Session 27 (Week 27)

·         Physiological salt-solutions

Session 28 (Week 28)

·         Radio-immunoassay-principles and methods

Practical work (one/week)

·         Whole Animal: Irwin Primary Test Table

·         Standard Response on Cat Blood Pressure and Nictitating Membrane (Demonstration only).

·         Methods of Bioassay Models for Screening:

·         Photoelectric Cell Meter for Measurement of Spontaneous Motor Activity.

·         The Plus Maze for Screening of Anxiolytic and Measuring the SMA (Demonstration only).

·         Swimming Maze for Screening of Antidepressant Drugs.

·         Muricide behavior.